Category: International Law & Treaties
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EU Accession Process and the Barrier of Corruption
Ukraine’s accession highlights the question of whether alignment with EU law actually leads to real improvement in enforcement in practice. Even though Ukraine shows significant reform progress, systemic corruption exposes a gap between formal compliance and implementation. Bulgaria urges the EU to create outcome-based indicators beyond simple legislative compliance, further demonstrating that this gap continues…
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War in the Dark
1. Do Russian strikes on Ukrainian energy infrastructure violate international humanitarian law? 2. The attacks systematically targeted civilian infrastructure during extreme winter conditions, causing disproportionate civilian harm with no identifiable military necessity, in breach of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I. 3.The law is clear. What is missing is the political will to enforce…
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Sovereignty vs. Security
Can the EU establish a sovereign defense force despite rigid legal hurdles and the reluctance of member states to cede national control? Since formal treaty reform is politically blocked by the requirement for unanimity, the only viable path forward is incremental integration through the Rapid Deployment Capacity. While a full European army remains a “legal…
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Ukraine and the Limits of International Justice
Main question: Can international law truly hold Russia accountable for aggression in Ukraine? Argument: Ukraine has pushed accountability forward through the ICJ, ICC, the Register of Damage, and a Special Tribunal, but each mechanism faces limits of jurisdiction, immunity, and enforcement. Conclusion: The war shows both the strength and the weakness of international justice: it…
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Compliance Is Political
How do advisory opinions matter politically if they are formally non-binding, and who is their real audience in contemporary disputes? The article argues that advisory opinions shape behavior by shifting the costs of non-compliance onto allies, donors, and international institutions rather than compelling the defendant state directly. It concludes that international adjudication is effective when…