Author: Cyprian Krystek

Can CIPS, SPFS, and mBridge realistically replace SWIFT as the backbone of global financial messaging and settlement? Each alternative serves a distinct purpose: RMB internationalisation, sanctions resilience, or CBDC-based settlement, but none replicates SWIFT’s scale, and most still depend on it. The payment infrastructure is evolving toward multipolarity, not replacement — parallel systems are emerging,…