Author: Emma Sole

How do governance failures and land conflicts in Indonesia’s palm oil sector contribute to broader climate security risks? Weak legal frameworks and export-driven growth enable corporate control and elite rent-seeking. As a result, land conflicts, labour exploitation, and environmental degradation persist, revealing major accountability gaps at both national and global levels.

How does China’s dominance in critical minerals and clean-tech manufacturing reshape global power in the energy transition? This brief argues that China’s control across the entire mineral-to-technology supply chain creates asymmetric dependencies that influence national climate strategies and create inequalities. As mineral geopolitics rises, securing diversified and resilient supply chains becomes essential for global climate…